Ultramafic rock

Ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is considered to be composed of ultramafic rocks.

Intrusive ultramafic rocks are often found in large, layered ultramafic intrusions where differentiated rock types often occur in layers[1]. Such cumulate rock types do not represent the chemistry of the magma from which they crystallized. The ultramafic intrusives include the dunites, peridotites and pyroxenites. Other rare varieties include troctolite which has a greater percentage of calcic plagioclase. These grade into the anorthosites. Gabbro and norite often occur in the upper portions of the layered ultramafic sequences. Hornblendite and, rarely phlogopitite are also found.

Volcanic ultramafic rocks are rare outside of the Archaean and are essentially restricted to the Neoproterozoic or earlier, although some boninite lavas currently erupted within back-arc basins (Manus Trough, New Guinea) verge on being ultramafic. Subvolcanic ultramafic rocks and dykes persist longer, but are also rare. Many of the lavas being produced on Io may be ultramafic, as evidenced by their temperatures which are higher than terrestrial mafic eruptions.

Examples include komatiite[2] and picritic basalt. Komatiites can be host to ore deposits of nickel[3].
Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks in the presence of water and/or carbon dioxide results in two main classes of metamorphic ultramafic rock; talc carbonate and serpentinite.

Talc carbonation reactions occur in ultramafic rocks at lower greenschist through to granulite facies metamorphism when the rock in question is subjected to metamorphism and the metamorphic fluid has more than 10% molar proportion of carbon dioxide.

When the metamorphic fluids in contact with the ultramafic rock have less than 10% CO2 the metamorphic reactions favor serpentinisation reactions, resulting in chlorite-serpentine-amphibole type assemblages



Ultramafic rock types: Peridotite, dunite, norite, essexite, komatiite.
Cumulate rocks and rock types: chromitite, magnetite, anorthosite
Ultramafic-associated ore deposits: Lateritic nickel ore deposits, kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits, diamond
Kimberlite, lamproite, lamprophyre

Mineral exploration

Mineral exploration is the process undertaken by companies, partnerships or corporations in the endeavour of finding ore (commercially viable concentrations of minerals) to mine. Mineral exploration is a much more intensive, organised and professional form of mineral prospecting and, though it frequently uses the services of prospecting, the process of mineral exploration on the whole is much more 3.involved.

Stages of mineral exploration
1. Area selection
2. Target definition or generation
3. Resource evaluation
4. Reserve definition
5. Extraction